Imperialism+Term+List

** Gold, God, Glory **
a phrase giving the reasons why the early Italian explorers went to the Americas

**Social Darwinism**
criticism of ideas of [|social sciences], to create political change that reduces the fertility of certain individuals and races having certain "undesired" qualities

**Protectorate**
an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity

**Sphere of Influence**
an area or region over which a state or organization has significant cultural, economic, military or political influence

**Genocide**
deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group.[|[1]]

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The slave who led the rebellions against the French in Haiti. He was a self-educated slave. After several years of fighting he lead the people of Haiti to victory over the French and other imperialistic power such as Britain that wanted to prevent the spread of revolution. The Haitians had taken control of the island and abolished slavery under his leadership.======

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 * Father Miguel Hidalgo, Mexican priest and creole, spoke out for freedom. On September 15, 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo summoned the people of Dolores where he gave the famous speech "el Grito de Dolores" -- the cry of Dolores. It called Mexicans to fight for independence. Father Hidalgo called for an end to slavery and improvement of the Native American's conditions. Mestizos supported him, but the creoles rejected Father Hidalgo as to not lose power. Soon after "el Grito de Dolores", Hidalgo was captured and executed, and his followers dispended. **======

**Jose de San Martin**
Father Jose Morelos continued Father Hidalgo's message, calling for social and political reform, ending slavery and giving all men the right vote. In 1815 he was captured and killed. Spanish forces and creoles almost smothered the remaining rebels.

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"Caudillos were popular authoritarian leaders in Latin America in the 19th century. They were skilled in horsemanship and the use of weapons, employing these talents to control local society and gain the admiration of people who offered them loyalty and support. Simon Bolivar is generally considered the first great caudillo." (not my words)One feature all caudillos in the nineteenth century shared was a complete lack of democratic procedure or practice.======

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The "Liberator of Venezuela" led one of the patriotic movements going on in South America. He rallied the indigenous/common people to the cause of independence. His ideas spread all over Latin America.======

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- The Spaniards are barbarians who brought the indigenous people death and destruction, and therefore justice demands vengeance. Cast out the Spanish monsters from the Colombian soil (land discovered by Columbus).======

Spaniards of the highest social class. They dominated Latin America's political and social life, holding the government and church jobs. Latin American of European decedents. Native American and European descent. African and European descent. The US government's concern with Latin America starts around 1823, when President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine. The Doctrine stated that the United States would look with displeasure upon any attempts by European powers to re-conquer/interfere with the sovereignty and independence of the newly liberated Latin America. The doctrine shows the degree to which the U.S. viewed Latin America as part of its sphere of influence. After Latin America's independence, Britain and the United States replaced Spain as Latin America's trading partner. Latin America was still just as economically dependent as before. Latin America was economically dependent on Spain and Portugal. The mercantilist policies prevented the colonies from developing their own economies.
 * Peninsulares**
 * Creoles**
 * Mestizos**
 * Mulattoes**
 * Monroe Doctrine**
 * Economic Imperialism**

__**Sub-Saharan Africa**__
A period in time when European countries (starting in 1880), such as Britain and Belgium, took over the countries in Africa. They used better technologies, rifles, metals, etc. and they conquered native lands and made them slaves. The African Countries were colonized and they used the natives for their work force and resources. this caused a massive surge in the European economy, and created a more powerful Europe. Taking part in 1884-1885, the conference negotiated, sorted/parted Africa into spheres of control, letting European powers to claim the continent. The representatives arrived to expand their individual influence which creates immense COMPETITION. Born on April 9th of 1835 in Brussels, Belgium, Leopold was born into royalty. He held numerous governmental positions at a young age and served until his rank was of lieutenant-general. His most notable event was the foundation of the Congo Free State and the beginning og the Association Internationale Africaine in 1876. He hired Henry Stanley to make treaties with the locals along the Congo River, main intentions being the creation of the king's new colony, though Belgium was not financially stable at the time.
 * Scramble for Africa**
 * Berlin Conference**
 * King Leopold II of Belgium**

__**Middle East**__

**Mahdi**
Mahdi is a religious leader who's existence or importance may be interpreted in many different ways. He is thought of as a restorer of justice and religion or one who will restore the conditions it takes to be able to live by the principals of Islam. Although he is believed to be a holy character, his essence can be described upon actions of brave military soldiers, and holy like disciples.

**Wahhabism**
Wahhabism is a conservative and intolerant form of Islam that is practiced in Saudi Arabia practiced by those who follow the teachings of Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab. It is a religion that defines Saudi Arabia from other Middle Eastern countries. The Saudi family that founded Saudi- Arabia practiced Wahhabism. It is a more conservative form of Islam, that follows holy laws taken from the Koran (Holy book). Followers practice many daily prayers and enforce that men and women seen separate in public places. While their relations with the West (America) are close, foreigners are limited to Saudi interaction and kept separate.

Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-184?). He is regarded as the founder of Egypt because he made many reforms in the military, economy, and culture. His dynasty rules Egypt until 1952.
 * Mohammed Ali**

a man-made, sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa. the French originally set out to build it in 1854, but the British gained financial control over it. It was imperative to the British because it allowed a safe, speedy trip home from India, a country where they got many raw goods from.
 * Suez Canal**

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The company played an important role in politics, economy, and trade.Towards the mid 18th century the company had turned to military and political intervention to advance its interests.The employees of the company were able to use this to thier advantage to protect the companies interests.During the late 18th century, parliment also establised board of control to control the companies affairs.Lord Cornwallis was the governor general or also viceroy. Still the company employees continued to abuse authority. The financial and political autonomy became increasingly constrained.======

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At first, this rebellion was unorganized, but then became organized. The Indians even took over the cities of Dehli and Kapur, at one piont. Unfourtanatley, later the British defeated them, and reclaimed all of their cities. The British believed this rebellion was a response of a conservative society======

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motivated by the not thought out, insidious programs of refrom. Specifically, they believed that Britian was disrespecting their religious beliefs. The actuality is that the British rule did a lot more in the late 18th century then before.Even though the British defeated the Indians, the British began to take the Indian veiws into accoung more often.======

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The Indians had high taxes and no representation in government.The Indian National Congress would change this. The Indian National congress was a group of British University educated Indian men (mostly Hindu, some Muslim), who created a government organization which gave the Indians more representation and involvement. Unfortunately, most of the time it was hard for people to show up because there was no specific meeting place. The educated Indian would eventually lead the protests.Basically, the Indian National congress was a nationalist group that peacefully fought against British rule for freedom. After India gained its independence the Indian National Congress would become a successful political party. ======

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The climaxes of various trade disputes between China and the Western World. British traders had illegally smuggling opium into China, despite laws that prohibited opium in China. The continuation of these illegal actions eventually gave rise to open warfare erupting between China, specifically the Qing Dynasty, against the United Kingdom. This was the first Opium War, which lasted from 1839 to 1842, ending in defeat for China with the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing. The Second Opium war came about in 1856, and lasted till 1860. The opposing sides were the U.S., Britain, and France, against the Qing dynasty of China. Once again, China came out the loser, and the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Tianjin. One of the objectionable actions partaken in the Second Opium war, was the looting and destruction of the Summer Palace, and the Old Summer Palace, as a show of force by France and Britain. (the U.S. dropped out of the war in 1859.)======

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A peace agreement established in 1842, between China and various foreign imperialist powers, to end the First Opium War. This treaty was one of the first unequal treaties to be made. Some of the things included in this treaty were that China agreed to a tariff, gave the British Hong Kong, paid the British an indemnity, and allowed British merchants to expand their trading from one city to five major ports. This treaty was completely unfair to China because Britain had no obligations to return.======

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the state of being exempt from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations. Therefore, the U.S. or Britain or whoever else would mosey on over to China, do what they wanted, and would not suffer the consequences of local law enforcement, due most likely to threats of force on the part of the Western nations. Later one, after Japan imperialized itself, would partake in these same actions. Some examples include the many unequal treaties that China was forced to agree to. However, laws stated in these treaties could be completely ignored by Europeans.======

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The Taiping Rebellion, was a war between the ruling Chinese Qing Dynasty facing against rebels led by Hong Xiuquan, a Chinese Christian convert. Hong sought to make political and social reforms and also replacing Confucianism, Buddhism and various other Chinese religions with a specialized form of Christianity, that proclaimed that Hong was the younger brother of Jesus. The Taiping Rebellion was the fifth bloodiest conflict in human history, with a death toll of 20 to 30 million. The Qing dynasty needed to recruit the aid of France and Britain to put down the rebellion. The rebellion lasted for 14 years, from 1850 to 1864.======

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The Russo- Japanese war was between Tsarist Russia and the Japanese Empire, they were fighting over the Land that is known today as South Korea and Mongolia the Japanese wanted these lands to expand their empire and strengthen their economy and to stop Russia from doing this just so Japan can become more powerful (imperialism). Russia already had control of present day North Korea and they had their only warm water port that could trade all year round with the economically booming America. This port (Port Arthur) was huge for Russia because their other ports such as ones in eastern Siberia could only be opened in the summer because of the harsh weather conditions of the brutal winters in Russia would make trade in the winter almost impossible and very risky. Russia also had just completed their Trans- Siberian railway so they had the potential to really upstart their economy but with their lone warm water port their trade was limited and unlucky for them Japan wanted that port for themselves. And the war began Japan eventually won the war by winning the battle on the mainland of Mongolia and surrounding the port that was under Russian control and it had a large naval fleet occupying it. Even if the Russians surrendered in this situation which they did not they could not leave because Japan purposely sank ships filled with cement in the narrow entrance to the port to block off the passage for Naval reinforcements, and Japan ended up winning and taking control of the Port and this hurt the Russian economy severely and ended up starting a civil revolution within Russia and sparked the assassinations of the whole Romanov Royal Family. And thus ending Russia’s rule in the Middle East and also hurting it at its heart.======

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 * A major revolution that drastically changed Japans social, political, and economic system. The revolution changed japan from its previous state of feudal lords ruling, to a united imperial country that was ruled by an emperor. They also changed the economy to a capitalist system connecting Japan with the western world expanding their trade and bringing in new advanced western ideas and technology causing for rapid advancement within Japan. This superior technology they gained from the west is what allowed Japan to win the Russo- Japanese war because of the brand new invention of the military submarine that was used to sink an entire fleet of Russian ships occupying and guarding the outer edges of the port allowing for the Japanese acess to fight the Russian Navy ultimately leading to victory with western technology being a huge factor in their victory. **======

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A war between the Qing Dynasty of China and the Meiji of Japan (1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895). The prime reason for their fighting was to gain control over Korea. As a newly-emergent power Japan turned its attention toward Korea. In order to protect its own interests and security, Japan wanted to either annex Korea before it was seized by another power, or at least ensure Korea's effective independence by developing its resources and reforming its administration. After two Opium Wars against the British Empire and the Sino War, China had become weak and was unable to resist political intervention and territorial encroachment by western powers. Japan saw this as an opportunity to replace Chinese influence in Korea with its own. Japan went on to easily win this war in about a year's time. Japan did not annex Korea completely;however, The treaty of Shimonoseki was signed on April 17th 1895, which imposed that China recognize total independence of Korea. A stumble in the treaty was Japan was not allowed full control over the Port of A war between the Qing Dynasty of China and the Meiji of Japan (1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895). The prime reason for their fighting was to gain control over Korea. As a newly-emergent power Japan turned its attention toward Korea. In order to protect its own interests and security, Japan wanted to either annex Korea before it was seized by another power, or at least ensure Korea's effective independence by developing its resources and reforming its administration. After two Opium Wars against the British Empire and the Sino War, China had become weak and was unable to resist political intervention and territorial encroachment by western powers. Japan saw this as an opportunity to replace Chinese influence in Korea with its own. Japan went on to easily win this war in about a year's time. Japan did not annex Korea completely;however, The treaty of Shimonoseki was signed on April 17th 1895, which imposed that China recognize total independence of Korea. A stumble in the treaty was Japan was not allowed full control over the Port of Arthur, which both Japan and Russia wanted, causing them to fall into another Imperialist war called the Russo Japanese war. ====== A powerful diamyo* family in Japan. The clan ruled Japan from 1600-1867, they won this power in the late Warring States period. The clan unified China and Japan's shogun* was always a Tokugawa descendant. The family collapsed from power in 1853 when Commodore Matthew Perry forced Japan to open its first port. ****Daimyo**** territory holding, powerful family ** A commodore of the US Navy, he pushed the opening of Japan's ports and serves from 1809-1855 in the Navy. He was assigned to many different ships over the time he worked in the Navy.
 * Tokugawa Family
 * Shogun**
 * commander of the armies and ruler of the country **
 * Matthew Perry**