Latin+America

=Link to Presentation: [] = = = = = = = =Research:= Peninsulares and Creoles formed the highest social classes Mestizos and Mulattos formed the lowest social classes.
 * Peninsulare --** people born in Spain; had the highest positions in political governments and the Catholic Church
 * Creole --** American-born descendants of Spanish settlers; owned most of the plantations, ranches, and mines
 * Mestizo --** people of both Native American and European descent
 * Mulatto --** people of both African and European descent

"Caudillos were popular authoritarian leaders in Latin America in the 19th century. They were skilled in horsemanship and the use of weapons, employing these talents to control local society and gain the admiration of people who offered them loyalty and support. Simon Bolivar is generally considered the first great caudillo." (not my words)
 * Caudillos**

One feature all caudillos in the nineteenth century shared was a complete lack of democratic procedure or practice. The nineteenth century in Latin America is seen as a transition century, because the society could not switch from monarchical colonial rule to electoral democracy. Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia ruled Paraguay…(more notes coming) Juan Manuel de Rosas was governor of Buenos Aires…(more notes coming) Antonio Guzman Blanco defined politics and society in Venezuela…(more notes coming)

The "Liberator of Venezuela" led one of the patriotic movements going on in South America. He rallied the indigenous/common people to the cause of independence. His ideas spread all over Latin America. What he wanted: - Destroy the Spaniards to protect the Americans - Reestablish the Republican governments that once formed the Confederation of Venezuela - Former constitutions, for liberty and independence - The Spaniards are barbarians who brought the indigenous people death and destruction, and therefore justice demands vengeance. Cast out the Spanish monsters from the Colombian soil (land discovered by Columbus). · Spaniards can live peacefully only if they: o Renounce their crimes o Help destroy the Spanish government o Help rebuild the Republic of Venezuela - Any Spaniard that does not, will be considered an enemy - Americans who committed treachery are to be pardoned, for they are not to blame (they were blinded by the Spanish). Simon Bolivar's campaigns helped to liberate much of Northern South America
 * Simon Bolivar**

__The United States discovers Latin America__ The US government's concern with Latin America starts around 1823, when President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine. The Doctrine stated that the United States would look with displeasure upon any attempts by European powers to re-conquer/interfere with the sovereignty and independence of the newly liberated Latin America. It was directed mainly at the British and French. This doctrine shows the degree to which the United States viewed Latin America as part of its sphere of influence. US involvement in Latin America: The United States invaded Mexico in 1846, starting the "Mexican-American War" - The war was an attempt by United States southerners to extend slavery to the Mexican territories - This war is a prime example of Manifest Destiny (the belief that United States domination in Latin America is part of G-d's plan) Reasoning: - The United States economy was unable to absorb the productive capacity of United States industry, so economists advised a search for new markets abroad - Alfred T. Mahan, navel captain who published The Influence of Sea Power on History, advised: o The formation of a powerful navy o Foreign bases in the Caribbean and Pacific o Expenditures on shipbuilding o An inter-oceanic canal In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt issued the "Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine". His intentions: - The United States would intervene militarily whenever it sees fit in Latin America in order to ensure the safety of American lives and/or property
 * Monroe Doctrine**

Notes on pages 645 - 651 in textbook __**Revolts in Latin America**__ Liberal ideas spread to Latin America, inspiring revolutions that led to the overthrow of European powers in most of Latin America (by 1825) By the 1700s, the people of Latin America's strong discontent in the social, racial, and political system of the Spanish rule was sparking revolutionary ideas. Social and Ethnic Structures Cause Resentment Peninsulares -- Spaniards of the highest social class. They dominated Latin America's political and social life, holding the government and church jobs. Creoles -- Latin American of European decedents. They resented the Peninuslares, and their second class status Merchants resented the mercantilist policies tying them to Spain Mestizos -- Native American and European descent. Mulattoes -- African and European descent. Mestizos and Mulattoes were angry at the power they were denied because they aren't whites. Native Americans and Africans were miserable under Spanish rule, and longed for freedom The Enlightenment Inspires Latin Americans Creoles who were educated read about Enlightenment, and heard about the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. Simon Bolivar was one inspired by the ideals of "liberty, equality, and fraternity" in Europe during the French Revolution. Napoleon Invades Spain The people of Latin America saw Spain's weakness in Napoleon's invasion in 1808, and rebellion broke out throughout Latin America. They demanded independence from colonial rule. In French ruled Hispaniola (now Haiti), profitable sugar plantations were kept running by nearly a half million enslaved Africans. French planters overworked and underfed the slaves. Toussaint L'Ouverture Leads a Slave Revolt In 1971, the island's slaves rose up in revolt. Toussaint L'Ouverture, a brilliant self educated former slave, was leader of the rebels. France, Spain, and Britain all sent armies to fight against the rebels, but by 1798, slavery was abolished. After the fighting, Toussaint's forces controlled most of the island Haiti Wins Independence In 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte attempted to re-conquer the former colony of Hispaniola. Toussaint's forces forced France to a treaty, but they then captured Toussaint and carried him in chains to France where he later died. The struggle for freedom ended in 1804, as the island declared itself an independent country (Haiti). The creoles in Spanish America, wanted the power that the revolt brought Haiti, but were scared of their way of life changing. Father Miguel Hidalgo, Mexican priest and creole, spoke out for freedom. Father Hidalgo Cries Out for Freedom On September 15, 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo summoned the people of Dolores where he gave the famous speech "el Grito de Dolores" -- the cry of Dolores. It called Mexicans to fight for independence. Father Hidalgo called for an end to slavery and improvement of the Native American's conditions. Mestizos supported him, but the creoles rejected Father Hidalgo as to not lose power. Soon after "el Grito de Dolores", Hidalgo was captured and executed, and his followers dispended. Jose Morelos Continues the Fight Father Jose Morelos continued Father Hidalgo's message, calling for social and political reform, ending slavery and giving all men the right vote. In 1815 he was captured and killed. Spanish forces and creoles almost smothered the remaining rebels. Mexico Wins Independence Backed by creoles, mestizos, and Native Americans, Agusin de Iturbide overthrew the Spanish viceroy, winning Mexico its independence in 1820. New Republics Emerge in Central America In 1820s, the previously Spanish-ruled countries in Central America were declaring independence. Local leaders set up the United Provinces of Central America; a republic union that broke off into the separate republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica Alone, Native Americans were unsuccessful rebelling against Spanish rule, but in the 1800s, with the creoles discontent, there was a prominent desire for independence. Bolivar Begins the Fight In South America, educated creoles saw the revolutions from Spain in America and France and wanted the same. Set off by Napoleon's invasion of Spain, Simon Bolivar rose up to start a republic in Venezuela. After years of fighting, Bolivar surprised Spain by invading and taking Bogota. By 1821, Caracas, Venezuela was free, and Bolivar earned his nickname "The Liberator". Moving through Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, he teamed up with Jose de San Martin San Martin Joins the Fight Military Leader and creole, Jose Sand Martin helped Argentina get independence from Spain in 1816 Jose San Martin also drove out Spanish rule from Chile and then Peru before giving command to Simon Bolivar in 1822 Freedom Leads to Power Struggles Due to power rivalry, Bolivar failed at creating the single nation of Gran Colombia after the final wars of independence in 1824. Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador arose instead, soon starting more civil war. Believing that South America had changed from one set of rulers to another, Simon Bolivar wrote, "We have achieved our independence at the expense of everything else." Brazil Gains Independence In 1822, Brazil was demanding independence, and so ruler of the time Dom Pedro (of the Portuguese royal family) named himself emperor of an independent Brazil. A constitution providing freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and an elected legislature was issued. In 1889, they finally achieved a republic.
 * Discontent Fans the Fires**
 * Slaves Win Freedom for Haiti**
 * Mexico and Central America Revolt**
 * Revolution Ignites South America**

Notes on pages 801 - 807 in textbook __**Economic Imperialism in Latin America**__ Though the nations of Latin America were now independent, they still lacked the democracy that they had hoped for -- power was still in the hands of the few. New ships connected the nations, which increased Latin America's economic dependency on more developed countries Britain and the United States invested a lot in Latin America The 20 separate nations of Latin America wrote constitutions, set up republics, and elected legislatures. There was still no true democracy, and civil war and dictatorships arose as a result The Colonial Legacy The existing social and political hierarchy barely changed after colonial rule. Creoles replaced peninsulares, and the Roman Catholic Church kept it's power and land. The life of mestizos, mulattoes, Africans, and Native Americans didn't improve. The law changed, but the people did not. There was still prejudice. The Search for Stability Caudillos lead resistance against the central government. The power struggles between the Caudillos led to civil wars, but nothing changed: Power remained with the privileged elites.
 * Lingering Political Problems**

Latin America was economically dependent on Spain and Portugal. The mercantilist policies prevented the colonies from developing their own economies. The Cycle of Economic Dependence After Latin America's independence, Britain and the United States replaced Spain as Latin America's trading partner. Latin America was still just as economically dependent as before. Foreign Influence Mounts As Latin America received more foreign goods, foreigners profited. The United States urged the government to take action to keep their hold Some Economic Growth After 1850, Latin America took the foreign capital and developed their mining and agriculture, growing their economies. Chile exported copper and nitrates Argentina expanded its livestock and wheat Brazil exported coffee and sugar and rubber Venezuela was apart of the oil industry Mexico was apart of the oil industry European immigrants came to Latin America, and by promoting economic activity created a middle class. Only the elite benefited from the economic growth in Latin America, and no consumer goods were being bought so industries failed. The expansion of the United States threatened Latin America The Monroe Doctrine In the 1820s, Spain wanted back their American colonies, but Britain was opposed because they didn't want to lose its trade with Latin America. United States President James Monroe didn't want the alliance with Britain. President Monroe instead issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, discouraging European interference in Latin America. The United States Expands Into Latin America In 1848 the United States took present-day California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado from Mexico, giving them much control over North America. In 1898, the United States went to war with Spain for Cuba's independence. In 1901, the United States forced Cubans to add the Platt Amendment to their constitution, giving them the right to intervene in Cuban affairs. The United States Interferes In 1904 the United States decided to protect its investments in Latin America by issuing the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The doctrine gave the united states policing power throughout Latin America. For example -- the United States sent troops to the Dominican Republic when they didn't pay their foreign debts To protect the United States investments in Latin America, they sent troops to Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua, and other countries. Building the Panama Canal To get land to build a canal, the United States helped the Panamanians win independence in 1903. The Panama Canal was finished in 1914, and by cutting traveling distances of ships helped trade and shipping worldwide.
 * The Economics of Dependence**
 * The Influence of the United States**

I found a good political cartoon at this site: [] [|http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/266-11.GIF][][][] [] [] [] [] = = = = =Bibliography:=

Wood, James A., and John Charles Chasteen. __Problems in Modern Latin American History, Sources and Interpretations__. Lanham, Md. : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2009. 5-7.

Hodge, Carl Cavanaugh. __Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914 Volume 2__. Westport, Connecticut; London, England: Greenwood Press. 2008. 669-671.

Larosa, Michael J., and Germán R. Mejía. __An Atlas and Survey of Latin American History__. Armonk, New York; London, England: M.E. Sharpe. 2007. 60-61, 82-83, 88-89, 92-92, 136-137.

Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor, and Anthony Esler. __World History__. Boston, Massachusetts; Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson, Prentice Hall. 2007. 480, 645-650, 801-807. . "Caudillo." //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 3 May 2010. <[]>.

"American Imperialism (Overview)." //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 30 Apr. 2010. <[]>.