Middle-East

Presentation []

Political Cartoon depicting one reason why the U.S. went to war in Iraq.

Key Terms-- Mahdi is a religious leader who's existence or importance may be interpreted in many different ways. He is thought of as a restorer of justice and religion or one who will restore the conditions it takes to be able to live by the principals of Islam. Although he is believed to be a holy character, his essence can be described upon actions of brave military soldiers, and holy like disciples. Wahhabism is a religion that defines Saudi Arabia from other Middle Eastern countries. The Saudi family that founded Saudi- Arabia practiced Wahhabism. It is a more conservative form of Islam, that follows holy laws taken from the Koran (Holy book). Followers practice many daily prayers and enforce that men and women seen separate in public places. While their relations with the West (America) are close, foreigners are limited to Saudi interaction and kept separate. Notes-- >
 * Mahdi
 * (Islam) a messianic leader who (according to popular Muslim belief) will appear before the end of the world and restore justice and religion
 * Wahhabism
 * a conservative and intolerant form of Islam that is practiced in Saudi Arabia practiced by those who follow the teachings of Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab
 * Mohammed Ali
 * ** Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-184). He is regarded as the founder of Egypt because he made many reforms in the military, economy, and culture. His dynasty ruled Egypt until 1952.
 * Suez Canal
 * The Suez Canal is an man-made sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa. The French originally set out to build it in 1854, but the British gained financial control over it. It was imperative to the British because it allowed a safe, speedy trip home from India, a country where they got many raw goods from.
 * Middle East Conflict Almanac
 * 1882- British troops enter Egypt to protect the Suez Canal and take virtual control of the country
 * 1908- British discover oil in Iran
 * 1917- Britain takes control of Iraq when the Ottoman Empire falls

Reasons for European imperialism (began 1859) Countries- France & Britain
 * Natural Resources- the machinery developed during the industrial revolution required oil for fuel. In the 1800's Europeans coveted oil fields found in the middle east.
 * Strategic Location- The French planned to build the Suez Canal which would give them trade access to countries along the Arabian Sea. However Britain overturned financial control.
 * Britain also controlled Palestine due to the League of Nations following World War 1. Despite it's prime location, the Arabs and Jews perpetually battle for dominance of their homeland territory, and today remain unresolved

__**Middle East Time Line**__

14th century- The Ottoman Muslim Dynasty rules turkey and begins the Ottoman Empire. 1516-17- The Ottoman Empire expands from turkey to rule most of the Middle East. 1869 - Construction I completed on Egypt's Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. 1882 - British troops enter Egypt to protect the Suez Canal and take virtual control of the country. 1882 - 1903- Russian Jews immigrate to Palestine in the **First Aliyah**. 1904 - 14- The **Second Aliyah** brings thousands of Jewish immigrants to Palestine, mainly from Russia and Poland. 1908 - The British discover oil in Iran. 1914 - At the outbreak of World War 1 (1914-1918), Britain declares Egypt to be protectorate of the British Empire 1915 - 1923 - The population of Americans (Christian Turks) living within the Ottoman Empire's provinces in modern-day Turkey are systematically killed or forced into concentration camps, where they suffer greatly; an estimated 1.5 million die. 1917 - Britain takes control of Iraq when the Ottoman Empire falls. 1918 - Turkey emerges as an independent country at the end of WW1. 1919 - 23 - The third Aliyah brings more Russian Jews into Palestine. 1920 - The League of Nations grants France control of Syria and Lebanon, and Britain control of Palestine, Transjordan, and Iraq under the mandate system. 1922 - Egypt gains independence from Britain, though it remains under British influence. 1924-32 The Fourth Aliyah brings Jewish immigrants from Poland to Palestine. 1932 - Iraq declares independence from British rule 1933-39 - A fifth Aliyah brings Jewish immigrants mainly from Germany to Palestine. 1936-39 - The Arab Revolt in Palestine calls for an end to Jewish immigration, a stop to Jewish ownership of land in Palestine. 1939 - The British White Paper limits Jewish immigration onto Palestine. November 28, 191 - the Mufti of Jerusalem, Al- Hajj Amin al- Husayni, meets with German leader Adolf Hitler and plots to defeat the British in World War 1. 1943 - Lebanon becomes independent from the mandate system supervised by France. 1946 - Syria gains independence from French mandate. May 14, 1948- The British mandate over Palestine ends and the state of Israel declares independence. 1951-53 - Nationalist Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh seizes power in Iran and nationalizes the oil industry until he is removed from power with assistance from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 1956 - Egyptian president Nasser seizes control of the Suez Canal from the British and the French. June 4-10, 1967 - A sixe day war between Israel and neighboring Arab countries ends with Israeli victory. Israel occupies territories in the Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Gaza strip. 1972 - Iraq forms the Iraqi Petroleum company and the Iraq National Oil Company. 1973 - In reaction to Western support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War, Saudi Arabia leads a boycott of oil to the United States, thus starting the world oil crisis. 1974 - Saudi Arabia ends the oil boycott and enters into an agreement with the United States that trades a steady oil supply for American military protection. 1978 - The Camp David Accords held between Egypt and Israel create a plan for peace in the Middle- East and self-government for Palestine. 1979 - Israel signs peace treaty with Egypt; the League of Arab Nation ejects Egypt from its membership in protest and moves its headquarters from Cairo, Egypt, to Tunis Tunisia. July 17, 1979 - Saddam Hussein becomes the president of Iraq, as well as secretary general of the Baath Party Regional Command Council, prime minister, and commander of the armed forces. 1980 - 88- Iran and Iraq fight a bitter war which ends with neither side making significant gains. 1982 - U.S. Marines enter Lebanon to help evacuate Israeli and Syrian troops from Lebanon. 1983 - Two hundred forty-one U.S. Marines are killed by a suicide bomber in Beirut. 1984 - U.S. Marines leave Lebanon. December 1987 - A Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule in the occupied territories (land taken during Six-Day War of 1967) starts the First Intifada. July 1988- Jordan renounces its claim to the West Bank, opening the way for this to be considered Palestinian territory. 1988 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein orders the Iraqi military to use poison gas on Kurds living in northern Iraq, killing several thousand. August 2, 1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait, threatening to take control of nearly half the world's oil reserves 1991 - U.S. led coalition- limits Iraqs trade and destroys its weapons of Mass Desruction 1991 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein remains in control of Iraq after the Persian Gulf War and britally punishes Iraqis who helped the coalition forces, killing hundreds of thousands of Shiites in southern Iraq and Kurds in the North. 1996 - Terrorists blow up U.S. military facility within Saudi Arabia, killing 19 Americans. 2000 - A Camp David summit, which attempts to find peace between Israel and the Palestinians, is aborted when the Second Intifada begins in the Yasser Arafat appears unwilling o stop the violence. September 11, 2004- The World Trade Center and the Pentagon are attacked by Muslim terrorists led by Osama Bin Laden. March 19, 2003 - A U.S. led coalition that includes troops from Great Britain and Australia initiates a war against Iraq. December 13, 2003 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein is captured by coalition forces. And June 2004 turn him over to Iraqi officials. 2005 - Groups supporting and opposing the Syrian presence in Lebanon stage huge demonstrations. Syria announces that it will withdraw all its troops from Lebanon by the end of the year. Turkey joins European Union.

Main reasons for imperialism the Middle East Include Suez CanalOilOverall, everything in the Middle-East allowed for boosting econ0mies
 * __Prezi Info__**
 * French Imperialism
 * French Imperialism
 * In 1854, the viceroy of Egypt, Mohammed Ali, allowed France to begin construction of a 100 mile shipping canal
 * called the Suez Canal.
 * Attempted to build the Suez Canal, which would people access to Asia without traveling around Africa
 * This would allow France to tax nations who wish to trade with Asian Countries by going through the Suez Canal.
 * The Suez Canal also gives France free trade access with Asia.
 * Vast oil fields were also a prime reason because the machinery created during the Industrial Revolution needed oil
 * to keep moving parts lubricated
 * British Imperialism
 * In 1875 the British took financial control of the Suez away from the French
 * In 1914 Britain declared Egypt a protectorate which allowed them to protect the Suez which was vital to them
 * India was extremely important to the British because of raw materials such as indigo, tea, cofee, and cotton and
 * and the Suez allowed a safe, speedy sail home
 * United States Imperialism
 * The main imperialistic value of the Middle-East for the United States is oil
 * If the U.S. could get their hands on more oil in Iraq then they would not have to buy as much from other Middle-Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia, thus saving money and improving the economy.
 * While the United States may have said the reason for invading Iraq was to liberate its people, there may have been an alterior motive as depicted by this politcal cartoon
 * Comparison
 * While the United States may have said the reason for invading Iraq was to liberate its people, there may have been an alterior motive as depicted by this politcal cartoon
 * Comparison

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