China

China Terms: MAIN IDEA:
 * exploitation of China by European powers inspires revolutions and rebellions.**


 * Open door policy-** 1899
 * After the Spanish-American war, when us was in possession of the Philippines, President McKinley proposed idea of an open door policy
 * b/c they acquired Philippines, the us became an East Asian Power
 * wanted to establish an "open door" that would allow all trading nations access to the Chinese market.
 * John Hay, secretary of state, proposed the creation of equal trading rights to all nations in all parts of China and for recognition of Chinese territorial integrity (meaning that the country should not be carved up)
 * The impact of such a policy would be to put all of the imperial nations on an equal footing and minimize the power of those nations with existing spheres of influence.
 * The US had no sphere of influence in china, but had long maintained an active trade there.
 * The us did not want to be excluded from future commercial activities b/c they did not have a sphere of influence in china
 * Therefore, Hay was trying to protect the prospects of American businessmen and investors
 * Simply put:
 * The open door policy states that all European nations, and the us, could trade with China


 * Boxer Uprising-** 1990
 * (1900) A rebellion by the people of China to end foreign domination.
 * A secret society, called the "Boxer's", were a group of Chinese who were anti-European and started when the West began to control all of China and its trade
 * The uprising took place in response to imperialist expansion, growth of cosmopolitan influences and missionaries.
 * Goal was to expel foreign influences from China

Sun Yixian- 1930
 * A Chinese revolutionary leader
 * First providential president of the Republic of China
 * Given the title of "Father of the Nation" in 1930
 * Developed a political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People
 * Nationalism: Sun wanted freedom from imperialist domination
 * Democracy: wanted a Western Constitutional government
 * The power of the people to express their political wishes, represented by the National Assembly
 * The power of governance- the power of administration
 * Described a five branch government system (this combined American and European government with Chinese traditions and ideals)
 * Socialism: he divided livelihood into four areas-food, clothing, housing, and transportation- and planned out how the government could take care of these for its people. Wanted to help out peasant farmers and make them economically equal.


 * ==== Opium Wars ====
 * ====The climax of trade disputes between Western European countries, mostly Britain, and France, with a little help from the U.S. The Opium wars were made up of two Wars, the First Opium war, from 1839 - 1842, and the Second Opium war, from 1856 - 1860. The Qing Dynasty was the opponent on the other side, for both wars.====


 * ==== Taiping Rebellion ====
 * ==== Was a bloody civil war in China, from 1851 to 1864. The sides were the ruling Qing dynasty, and the rebels led by Chinese Christian convert Hong Xiuquan. An estimated 20 million people died, mostly civilians, making it the 5th bloodiest war in human history. ====


 * ==== Unequal Treaties ====
 * ==== Term used to reference a number of treaties signed by many East Asian nations and regions, such as the Qing Dynasty, The Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, and late Joseon Korea. These were forced by multiple Western nations, and the post Meiji Restoration Japan. ====


 * ==== Extraterritoriality ====
 * the state of being exempt from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations. Therefore, the U.S. or Britain or whoever else would mosey on over to China, do what they wanted, and would not suffer the consequences of local law enforcement, due most likely to threats of force on the part of the Western nations. Later one, after Japan imperialized itself, would partake in these same actions.

Balance of Trade
 * The **balance of trade** is the relationship between a nation's imports and exports. A balance of trade is known as a **trade surplus** if it consists of exporting more than is imported; otherwise it is called a **trade deficit or trade gap**.

Surplus
 * **Consumer's surplus** is the amount that consumers benefit by being able to purchase a product for a price that is less than the most that they would be willing to pay. The **producer surplus** is the amount that producers benefit by selling at a market price that is higher than the least that they would be willing to sell for.

Homogeneous society
 * A society in which people are primarily the same type or share the same background, language, beliefs, and culture.[[image:china_imperialism.jpg caption="china imperialism"]]

This comic shows China's place during the Imperialist age. As represented in the comic, Britain, Russia, and other European countries are fighting over China represented by a dragon. The dragon is lying motionless and useless, unable to do anything. This comic displays the irony in the image of China as a dragon, large and seemingly powerful, but now unable to help itself, and overwhelmed by smaller nations, represented by less imposing animals.

Primary Source Documents: URL: [|Qian Long's Letter]

This primary document is a letter, written in 1793, from Emperor Qian Long of China to King George III of England. In his letter, Qian Long explains to George III that China is superior to England, as well as the rest of the world, and does not wish to pursue involvement or trading with other European nations. This represents the way the Chinese, at the time, viewed themselves more powerful than any other place in the world.

Ironically, a century later China was being controlled by various powers, split up by spheres of influence. Spheres of influence is where several European nations divide up parts of another country and tell the traditional ruler what to do. In 1899, the US President, William McKinley, and Secretary of State John Hay proposed the Open Door Policy as a way of the United States becoming involved with China and it's trade. This proposal represents imperialism since different nations are exercising control over China, as well as the change of China's status throughout history.

URL:[| Open Door Policy Proposal]