FINAL+EXAM+TERM+LIST

ok so its kinda messy and a lot of terms aren't done so you guys can do those. i'm also still working on it so yeah. if u have any questions. please ask. ALSO, PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE ANYTHING THAT HAS ALREADY BEEN TYPED IN AND EDITED. __the problem we had with the last wiki was that people were messing up already fixed and good terms and putting them in their own words which were sometimes wrong.__** **you are free to ADD more to any term but please do not delete or erase anything. plus, i put some good amount of time into this and i really wouldn't like it if my work was changed into something worse.** **so if you honestly think something on here is incorrect.. talk to me. i am getting these all out of the textbook so i don't think it will be a problem. i hope it is useful!. -Mashaal***
 * Please read

Renaissance

Starts somewhere around page 411 in the textbook, disc 2.

The Renaissance was a time of advancement in the arts. Many of their ideas and influences came from Greece and Rome. Italy was a great place to start the Renaissance because it had been the center of the Roman Empire. Italy's location was also good because they could trade with the Muslim World through the Mediteranean Sea, receiving goods.

Defining The Renaissance: There was reborn culture, creativity, Middle class, Trade, Humanism and a sophisticated society. the renaissance contrasts with the middle ages because the focus was more on arts rather than faith.

Terms:

Medici -high ranked family among the richest merchants and bankers in Europe. Cosmo de Medici gained control over Florentine government. Cosmos grandson represented the renaissance ideal; he was a politician and patron. The Medici family great wealth and influence transformed Florence. It came to symbolize brilliance and energy of the Italian Renaissance.

Humanism- an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics

Machiavelli wrote a guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power

Leonardo da Vinci artist sketching nature and models. Educated in human bodies from dissections. He dissected bodies to learn about bone structure and how muscles worked. Some of his famous paintings were //The Mona Lisa// and //the Last Supper//. The last supper showed Jesus and his apostles on the night before his crucifixion. This painting was both religiously moving and a masterpiece of perspective. He also excelled in botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering.

Raphael artistic talent and sweet, gracious nature was admired. He studied the works of other artists, later developing his own style of painting. His style blended Christian and classic ideas. Some of his works include //The School of Athens//. This portrayed thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle and Socrates in an imaginary gathering.

Michelangelo Sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet. His works often reflected many life-long spiritual and artistic struggles. Some of his artworks include the //Pieta// and //David//. Some other great works he did was the mural painting in the Sistine Chapel of Rome. His most famous design was the one in St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome.

Northern Renaissance:

Johan Gutenberg In the northern Renaissance, he Printed the first complete edition of the bible using the printing press with movable type. This brought up the printing revolution which made books cheaper and faster produced. Also, more people gained access to learning because more books were affordable,

Erasmus Dutch priests and humanist. He wrote texts using his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the Bible. He helped spread Renaissance humanism to a wider public. He translated the Bible into the vernacular, meaning the more common people had access to religion.

Jan van Eyck Flemish painter of the 1400s. He portrayed townspeople as well as religious scenes in rich/realistic details Reformation

Page 423 in the textbook.

Background info:

Europeans faced uncertainty and hard and violent times. Wealth was distributed unequally and urban economies were given away to more uncertain market based economies. Renaissance humanist ideas spread to this uncertain society. People looked into that to find ways to change society and they did with the church. At first the Church tried to be more caught up with worldly matters. The Church was trying to protect their own interests and fought against monarchs who tried to seize their land. The Church spent time and money on trying to beautify the church and live lavish lifestyles. The church also granted Indulgences, like in the Middle Ages, but instead of getting indulgences with good deeds, they could be bought. Soon there were revolts against the Church.

Charles V Holy roman emperor in 1521 summoning Luther to give up his fight, although he refused. He then declared Luther an outlaw, making it a crime for anyone in the empire to give him food or shelter, still he had many powerful supported who accepted his teachings and followed his lead.

Protestantism The beliefs of those who protested papal authority "answer" to church corruption.

Martin Luther A German monk and a professor of theology in 1517, who triggered the revolt against the church. Wrote the 95 theses. He was upset that Tetzel was giving indulgences to people who paid for them. To Luther, this meant that poor peasants could not get to heaven. He wrote the 95 theses, or arguments against indulgences. He also thought that the pope did not have any authority to release souls from purgatory.

Justification (Salvation) by Faith The Protestant Reformation began when a Martin Luther rediscovered this Catholic doctrine in the bible.

Indulgences pardon for sins committed during a person's lifetime in the roman Catholic Church

The 95 Theses Written by Luther against a priest names Johann Tetzel, who offered indulgences. Theses are the 95 arguments against indulgences. Once the 95 theses were copied and distributed via the printing press, Luther kept developing more radical doctrines.

Priesthood of all believers A Christian doctrine believed to be derived from several passages of the new Testament.

Peace of Augsburg Signed in 1555, allowed each prince to decide which religion (Catholic or Lutheran) would be followed in his lands. Northern German states chose Lutheranism, and the southern states remained largely Catholic.

Henry VIII The main source of the break of the Catholic church. First was against the Protestant revolt, though after the pope disagreed with his "divorce" or annul of marriage, he decided to take over the church. In 1534, the Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, making Henry VIII the only supreme head on Earth of the church of England.

Anglican Church the Church of England and those churches that are in communion with it

John Calvin A trained priest and lawyer from France, publishing a book that set forth his religious beliefs and explained how to organize and run a Protestant church. He preached predestination. (Calvinists believed that the world was split in saints and sin). They believed that those only who lived like saints would live truly Christian lives.

Predestination Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

Anabaptists New Protestant sects or religious groups that broke away from an established church, following variations of the teachings of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. Some even had more radical ideas as rejecting infant baptism.They thought infants were too young to understand the Christian faith.

Puritans members of an English Protestant group who wanted to "purify" the Church of England by making it more simple and more morally strict

Presbyterians a member of a Presbyterian church; a person who supports Presbyterianism (church government by elders, equal in rank and organized into graded administrative courts)

Catholic (Counter) Reformation A reform movement led by Pope Paul III during the 1530s and 1540s. Main goal was to revive the moral authority of the church and roll back the Protestant tide

Council of Trent A group of Catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic church

Jesuits A new religious order recognized by the pope, the society of Jesus. Was found by Ignatius of Loyola, a Spanish knight raised in the crusading tradition.

Inquisition A church court set up to try people accused of heresy

Index of Prohibited Books A list of works considered too immoral or irreligious for Catholics to read, prepared by the inquisition against Protestantism. (included books by Luther and Calvin, Petrarch and other humanists from earlier on)

Queen Elizabeth (Elizabethan Settlement) the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. a compromise of the middle ground of catholic beliefs and protestant beliefs.

Scientific Rev:

Starts on page 434 in the textbook.

Scientific Revolution - this brought a new way of thinking of the physical universe. They assumed that mathematical laws governed the universe and nature. The physical world could then be shaped by people.

Copernicus - proposed the heliocentric or sun-centered model of the universe. this contrasted the old beliefs of the earth being the center of the earth. Many people rejected this thought because if Ptolomys reasoning of the universe was wrong, then people believed the whole system of knowledge was wrong. Tycho Brahe then proved evidence supporting copernicus.

Kepler - After Tycho Brahe's death, he used Brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the plants revolving around the sun. He proved copernicus's heliocentric idea but then also came up with the idea of an ellipse (where the plants don't move in perfect circles, but in ovals)

Galileo - He assembled a telescope. He found out that the earth does move around the sun like how the four moons of jupiter move around it. His observations caused an uproar because they contradicted ancient beliefs. He was comdenmed by the church because his beliefs contradicted the beliefs of the church. He was kept in house arrest and was threatened with death until he removed his heresies.

Descartes - devoted himself onto learning about how the truth was determined. Him and Bacon rejected Aristotles teachings. They also challenged old teachings. they said that truth was found only in the end after investigation.

Bacon - almost same as Descarted except for Bacon had a different method in his findings. He stressed experimentation and observation.

Scientific method - the greek philosophies of Plato were rediscovered. He taught that we should look beyond nature and into mathematics.

Newton - discovered the laws of gravity. he found that a single force keeps everything, all plants and matter in place. He also partially invented calculus.

“Newtonian Revolution”

Enlightenment (“Age of Reason”)

Starts on page 544 of Textbook.

Thinkers thought that using the natural law could help better understand social and human behaviors. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke had conflicting views. Thomas Hobbes, who wrote the Leviathan, said that people were naturally bad and greedy and evil. He believed that government, or absolute monarchy, could shape people into the perfect human beings. He also believed that people entered a social contract withing the organized society. Locke thought that people were reasonable and moral. He thought that they had natural rights, such as right to life liberty and property. He argued that people formed government to protect their natural rights. he thought that government should have limited power and please everyone. he rejected the absolute monarchy. He also said that people have the right to over throw a government that violates peoples natural rights or fails its obligations.

philosophes - a group of thinkers that applied science and use of reason to improve and understand society.

Voltaire - he defended freedom of thought. he targeted corrrupt officials and idle aristocrats. he battled against superstition and inequality and injustice. he also detested slave trade and deplored religious prejeduce. He offeneded the french government and catholic church. he was then punished.

Diderot - he wrote the encyclopedia. his purpose was to change the general way of thinking. he included thoughts that philosophes proposed and included articles by thinkers such as voltaire and montesquieu. The government was against the encyclopedia and was threatened to be excommunicated. even so, many copies were made and spread enlightenment ideas.

Montesquieu - studied governments and read about ancient cultures. he criticized absolute monarchy. he soon published a book that discussed government. He believed the best way to protect liberty was through the legislative, executive and judicial branches.

Rousseau - he believed that people were naturally good. he felt that people were corrupt by the evils of society. he felt society placed limitations on people and had unfair distribution of property.

Wollestonecraft - fought for rights of women. she thought that a woman should be a good mother and husband but should be able to like what she likes. she published a book about equal education for boys and girls.

social contract - an agreement which they gave up freedom for an organized society.

salon - informational gatherings in which thinkers, writers, artists and philosophes gathered to exchange ideas.

Deism

Adam Smith - greatly admired the physiocrats, a groupf of people who made economic reforms and thought like philosophes, basing their thinking on natural law. he argued that the free market should be able to regulate business activity. he explained supply and demand. his ideas helped shape productive economies.

Bentham - advocated utilitarianism or the belief that the goal of society is to be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" he strongly supported individual freedom. his ideas influenced john stuart mill.

Enlightened despot - an absolute monarchy ruler who uses their power and enlightened ideas to bring social and political change.

French Rev:

Page 572 in the textbook is where it starts.

Louis XVI- Ruler during the French Revolution's economic/financial troubles. He hired Jacques Necker as his advisor. He was well-meaning but weak.

Old Regime - the old order, everyone was divided up into one of three social classes or estates. the first was clergy which was church related people; second was nobility and third was made up of everyone else.

Bourgeoisie - middle class. Included prosperous bankers, merchants, and manufacturers.

Estates-General - The legislative body consisting of representatives of the three estates.

Tennis Court Oath - The third estate went into a indoor tennis court and made an oath. They swore never to separate and to meet whenever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and a just constitution.

Storming of the Bastille - The streets buzzed with rumors that the royal troops were gonna occupy the capital. many parisans formed outside the bastille, a prison, and demanded weapons and gunpowder

Night session of August 4th - nobles in the national assembly voted to end their own privileges such as hunting, exemption from taxing and special legal status. they stated that feudalism was abolished.

National Assembly - the third estate declared themselves the national assembly. they took the tennis court oath. some nobles and clergy were also in the national assembly.

Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen - this document was modeled after the American Declaration of Independence and was the first step towards a constitution. They declared that they "remain free and equal in rights". they also said that the government should protect the natural rights of citizens.

Women’s March on Versailles - six thousand women marched to versailles. It was Marie Antoinette's extravagant life that led to public unrest. They demanded the king return to paris with them.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy - bishops and priests became officials. it ended papal authority over the French Church and dissolved convents and monastaries. Bishops and priests were upset and the pope commended it.

Jacobins -

Sans-Culottes -

Committee of Public Safety

Robespierre

Reign of Terror

Directory

Napoleon

Concordat of 1801

Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code)

Continental System

Congress of Vienna - a congress gathered to fix Europe after the Napoleonic age

Balance of Power - the balance of military and economic power so that one country will not get too much of the power

Industrial Rev:

Starts on page 608 of textbook.

Agricultural revolution- a revolution in which many food was made because of revolutionized farming methods such as the seed drill which created a population growth. Enclosure movement- Domestic system or Putting-out System - the system where peasants will pick and weave cotton and skilled artisans will finish and sell it Industrialization - the movement of a pre-industrialized community going through many advances to create MORE Textile industry- the production of textiles or clothes and many revolutionized machines were made in this industry. Steam power - a power source invented to help with machinery and railroads. It allowed the transportation of goods/products to separate from the river (ship transportation) and move freely on land. Urbanization Luddites Labor Unions Tenements

Age of Exploration:

Starts on page 446 of textbook.

Prince Henry Vasco da Gama Christopher Columbus Treaty of Tordesillas Ferdinand Magellan Conquistadors Hernán Cortéz Moctezuma Francisco Pizarro Viceroys Encomiendas Bartolomé de Las Casas Peons Peninsulares -- highest ranking people in Latin America, European born citizens that held the highest jobs in government and the Church in Latin America Creoles -- second highest people in Latin America, people of European descent who were born in Latin America, had jobs such as running mines and plantations Mestizos -- people of Latin America and European descent Mulattoes -- people of African and European descent Mestizos and Mulattoes were at the bottom of the social order in Latin America and were only more powerful than people of complete Latin American or African descent Columbian Exchange Mercantilism Plantations Factory-Forts Shore Trading Affonso I Olaudah Equiano Triangular Trade Middle Passage

Imperialism:

Gold, God, Glory - Social Darwinism “The White Man’s Burden” Protectorate Sphere of Influence Genocide
 * European (General) Imperialism**

Scramble for Africa - a period of fast colonization of the African continent, the main cause of this scramble was the end of slavery. Berlin Conference - a conference set to sort out the spheres of influence that was in control by European powers. Leopold II- the king of belgium, he was famous for the foundation of the congo free state. He also dealt with making treaties along the congo river.
 * Latin America**
 * **There was a lot of resentment and discontent about the power of social and political life. Creoles sparked the revolution with enlightenment ideas. When spain was invaded, is when they started the revolution. Cuadillos created a lot of power struggles within countries.**
 * Simon Bolivar - famous caudillo. The was the liberater of venezuela. He wanted a constitution for venezuela.
 * Toussaint L’Ouverture - a former slave, was a leader of the rebels.
 * Miguel Hidalgo - mexican priest and creole who summoned the people of dolores where he gave the famous speech "el grito de dolores" they cry of dolores. It called for the fight of independence.
 * Jose de San Martin - military leader and creole, helped argentina get independence from spain in 1816. drove out spanish rule.
 * Caudillo - were local leaders in latin america who were able to gain support during the transition times.
 * Sub-Saharan Africa**
 * Sub-Saharan Africa**

Mahdi - a messianic leader who will appear at the end of the world to restore justice and religion Wahhabism - a conservatism and intolerate form of Islam that is practiced in Saudi Arabia practice by the followers of Muhammad ibn abd al wahhab. Mohammed Ali - an albanian solder in the service of turkey who was made viceroy of egypt and took control away from the ottoman empire. Suez Canal - a man made sea level water way in egypt connecting the mediterranean sea with the red sea. It allowed water transportation between Europe and Asia. The British had control over building it.
 * Middle East**

British East India Company Sepoy Rebellion Indian National Congress - a congress made in 1885 against british government. They fought for liberation.
 * India**

Opium Wars - the climax of trade disputes between Britain and France. The opium wars were made up of two wars, the first and the second. The Qing dinasty was the opposite of both wars. Treaty of Nanjing - Extraterritoriality - the state of being exempt from the jurisdiction of local law and is usually the result of diplomatic negotiations. Taiping Rebellion - a bloody war in china, the sides were the qing and the rebels led by the Chinese christian convert Hong Xuiquan. It was the 5th bloodies war in history.
 * China**

Tokugawa Shogunate - Matthew Perry - Meiji Restoration - First Sino-Japanese War - this was the war between the Qing of china and the Meiji of Japan. The reason for their fighting was to gain control over Korea.
 * Japan**

The Ideas of Ideologies

starts on page 634.

We did not get a term list for this section because on the exam we will have to read a passage and be able to tell which ideology -socialism, nationalism, liberalism and conservatism- it is.

but even though we don't have a term list here are some terms you should be familiar with. these were from the project.

· Italian Unification · Bismarck · Greek Revolt · John Stuart Mill · Reform Bill of 1832 · French Third Republic · Metternich · Russian Empire · Carlsbad Decrees · Marx · Saint-Simon · SPD
 * Nationalism **
 * Liberalism **
 * Conservatism **
 * Socialism **